Spina Bifida

The symptoms of spina bifida can vary widely depending on the type and severity of the condition. There are three primary types of spina bifida:

• Spina Bifida Occulta: This is the mildest form and often goes unnoticed. It involves a small gap in the spine’s vertebrae, which may not cause any visible symptoms. Some individuals may have a dimple, birthmark, or patch of hair on their back over the affected area.

• Meningocele: In this form, a sac of cerebrospinal fluid and the meninges (protective membranes around the spinal cord) protrude through an opening in the spine. While there may be no damage to the spinal cord, it can lead to mild neurological issues and bladder or bowel dysfunction.

• Myelomeningocele: This is the most severe form of spina bifida. It involves the protrusion of a portion of the spinal cord and its protective covering through the opening in the spine. As a result, nerve damage occurs below the affected area, leading to varying degrees of paralysis, muscle weakness, and sensory deficits. Individuals with myelomeningocele often require extensive medical intervention and lifelong care.

Common symptoms and complications associated with myelomeningocele and more severe forms of spina bifida include:

• Paralysis: Paralysis can affect the legs and, in some cases, the arms. The degree of paralysis varies, with some individuals experiencing complete loss of movement.

• Bowel and Bladder Dysfunction: Spina bifida can lead to problems with controlling bowel and bladder function, often requiring catheterization or other interventions to manage.

• Orthopedic Issues: Deformities of the feet, hips, and spine are common. Clubfoot and scoliosis are examples of orthopedic problems seen in individuals with spina bifida.

• Hydrocephalus: Many babies born with myelomeningocele develop hydrocephalus, a condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. This may require surgical placement of a shunt to drain the fluid.

• Chiari Malformation: This condition occurs when the cerebellum (a part of the brain) extends into the spinal canal. It can cause headaches, difficulty swallowing, and neck pain.

Spina bifida is typically diagnosed during pregnancy or shortly after birth. Prenatal testing can detect elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the mother’s blood, which may indicate a neural tube defect. If elevated AFP levels are detected, further diagnostic tests such as ultrasound, amniocentesis, or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

After birth, a physical examination of the baby’s spine and imaging studies, such as an X-ray, ultrasound, or MRI, can help determine the severity and type of spina bifida. Early diagnosis is crucial to ensure prompt medical intervention and minimize complications.

The treatment of spina bifida is primarily focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Treatment plans are tailored to the individual’s specific needs and may include the following:

• Surgery: Babies born with myelomeningocele typically undergo surgery within the first 48 hours of life to close the opening in the spine. This procedure helps protect the exposed spinal cord and prevent infection. Additional surgeries may be needed to address associated orthopedic issues, shunt placement for hydrocephalus, and other complications.

• Physical Therapy: Physical therapists work with individuals with spina bifida to improve mobility, muscle strength, and overall physical function. They may recommend assistive devices such as braces, crutches, or wheelchairs to enhance mobility.

• Occupational Therapy: Occupational therapists help individuals with spina bifida develop skills to perform daily activities, such as self-care, dressing, and feeding.

• Management of Bowel and Bladder Function: Specialized techniques and medications may be prescribed to manage bowel and bladder dysfunction. Some individuals may require intermittent catheterization or surgical procedures to improve function.

• Treatment of Associated Conditions: Conditions like hydrocephalus, Chiari malformation, and scoliosis are managed with appropriate medical or surgical interventions.

• Psychosocial Support: Living with spina bifida can be challenging, and individuals and their families benefit from psychosocial support, counseling, and education to address emotional and social needs.

• Education and Independence: Educational programs and support services help individuals with spina bifida achieve their full potential and become as independent as possible.

While spina bifida is a lifelong condition that requires ongoing care and management, advances in medical treatment and rehabilitation have greatly improved the quality of life for affected individuals. With appropriate medical care and support, many individuals with spina bifida can lead fulfilling and productive lives.

Healwise provides solutions for individuals facing health challenges like Spina Bifida. Our commitment to improving the lives of individuals with Spina Bifida includes facilitating access to specialized Spina Bifida Surgery, addressing the unique needs of each patient.